Al-Baqarah 2:178
The Cow · Juz 2 · Page 27
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيۡكُمُ ٱلۡقِصَاصُ فِي ٱلۡقَتۡلَىۖ ٱلۡحُرُّ بِٱلۡحُرِّ وَٱلۡعَبۡدُ بِٱلۡعَبۡدِ وَٱلۡأُنثَىٰ بِٱلۡأُنثَىٰۚ فَمَنۡ عُفِيَ لَهُۥ مِنۡ أَخِيهِ شَيۡءٞ فَٱتِّبَاعُۢ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِ وَأَدَآءٌ إِلَيۡهِ بِإِحۡسَٰنٖۗ ذَٰلِكَ تَخۡفِيفٞ مِّن رَّبِّكُمۡ وَرَحۡمَةٞۗ فَمَنِ ٱعۡتَدَىٰ بَعۡدَ ذَٰلِكَ فَلَهُۥ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٞ ١٧٨
O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution for those murdered - the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.1 But whoever overlooks from his brother [i.e., the killer] anything,2 then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him [i.e., the deceased's heir or legal representative] with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy. But whoever transgresses after that3 will have a painful punishment.
Tafsir · in Arabic
Al-Jalalayn
Brief · The traditional first tafsir: a few words per phrase.
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Commentary on 2:178
﴿يا أيّها الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ﴾ فُرِضَ ﴿عَلَيْكُمْ القِصاص﴾ المُماثَلَة ﴿فِي القَتْلى﴾ وصْفًا وفِعْلًا ﴿الحُرّ﴾ يُقْتَل ﴿بِالحُرِّ﴾ ولا يُقْتَل بِالعَبْدِ ﴿والعَبْد بِالعَبْدِ والأُنْثى بِالأُنْثى﴾ وبَيَّنَتْ السُّنَّة أنَّ الذَّكَر يُقْتَل بِها وأَنَّهُ تُعْتَبَر المُماثَلَة فِي الدِّين فَلا يُقْتَل مُسْلِم ولَوْ عَبْدًا بِكافِرٍ ولَوْ حُرًّا ﴿فَمَن عُفِيَ لَهُ﴾ مِن القاتِلِينَ ﴿مِن﴾ دَم ﴿أخِيهِ﴾ المَقْتُول ﴿شَيْء﴾ بِأَنْ تَرَكَ القِصاص مِنهُ وتَنْكِير شَيْء يُفِيد سُقُوط القِصاص بِالعَفْوِ عَنْ بَعْضه ومِن بَعْض الوَرَثَة وفِي ذِكْر أخِيهِ تَعَطُّف داعٍ إلى العَفْو وإيذان بِأَنَّ القَتْل لا يَقْطَع أُخُوَّة الإيمان ومَن مُبْتَدَأ شَرْطِيَّة أوْ مَوْصُولَة والخَبَر ﴿فاتِّباع﴾ أيْ فِعْل العافِي اتِّباع لِلْقاتِلِ ﴿بِالمَعْرُوفِ﴾ بِأَنْ يُطالِبهُ بِالدِّيَةِ بِلا عُنْف وتَرْتِيب الِاتِّباع عَلى العَفْو يُفِيد أنَّ الواجِب أحَدهما وهُوَ أحَد قَوْلَيْ الشّافِعِيّ والثّانِي الواجِب القِصاص والدِّيَة بَدَل عَنْهُ فَلَوْ عَفا ولَمْ يُسَمِّها فَلا شَيْء ورَجَحَ ﴿و﴾ عَلى القاتِل ﴿أداء﴾ الدِّيَة ﴿إلَيْهِ﴾ أيْ العافِي وهُوَ الوارِث ﴿بِإحْسانٍ﴾ بِلا مَطْل ولا بَخْس ﴿ذَلِكَ﴾ الحُكْم المَذْكُور مِن جَواز القِصاص والعَفْو عَنْهُ عَلى الدِّيَة ﴿تَخْفِيف﴾ تَسْهِيل ﴿مِن رَبّكُمْ﴾ عَلَيْكُمْ ﴿ورَحْمَة﴾ بِكُمْ حَيْثُ وسَّعَ فِي ذَلِكَ ولَمْ يُحَتِّم واحِدًا مِنهُما كَما حَتَّمَ عَلى اليَهُود القِصاص وعَلى النَّصارى الدِّيَة ﴿فَمَن اعْتَدى﴾ ظَلَمَ القاتِل بِأَنْ قَتَلَهُ ﴿بَعْد ذَلِكَ﴾ أيْ العَفْو ﴿فَلَهُ عَذاب ألِيم﴾ مُؤْلِم فِي الآخِرَة بِالنّارِ أوْ فِي الدُّنْيا بِالقَتْلِ
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2:177
۞ لَّيۡسَ ٱلۡبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّواْ وُجُوهَكُمۡ قِبَلَ ٱلۡمَشۡرِقِ وَٱلۡمَغۡرِبِ وَلَٰكِنَّ ٱلۡبِرَّ مَنۡ ءَامَنَ بِٱللَّهِ وَٱلۡيَوۡمِ ٱلۡأٓخِرِ وَٱلۡمَلَٰٓئِكَةِ وَٱلۡكِتَٰبِ وَٱلنَّبِيِّـۧنَ وَءَاتَى ٱلۡمَالَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِۦ ذَوِي ٱلۡقُرۡبَىٰ وَٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ وَٱلۡمَسَٰكِينَ وَٱبۡنَ ٱلسَّبِيلِ وَٱلسَّآئِلِينَ وَفِي ٱلرِّقَابِ وَأَقَامَ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَءَاتَى ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَٱلۡمُوفُونَ بِعَهۡدِهِمۡ إِذَا عَٰهَدُواْۖ وَٱلصَّٰبِرِينَ فِي ٱلۡبَأۡسَآءِ وَٱلضَّرَّآءِ وَحِينَ ٱلۡبَأۡسِۗ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ ٱلَّذِينَ صَدَقُواْۖ وَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡمُتَّقُونَ ١٧٧
Righteousness is not that you turn your faces toward the east or the west, but [true] righteousness is [in] one who believes in Allāh, the Last Day, the angels, the Book, and the prophets and gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to relatives, orphans, the needy, the traveler, those who ask [for help], and for freeing slaves; [and who] establishes prayer and gives zakāh; [those who] fulfill their promise when they promise; and [those who] are patient in poverty and hardship and during battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are the righteous.
2:178
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيۡكُمُ ٱلۡقِصَاصُ فِي ٱلۡقَتۡلَىۖ ٱلۡحُرُّ بِٱلۡحُرِّ وَٱلۡعَبۡدُ بِٱلۡعَبۡدِ وَٱلۡأُنثَىٰ بِٱلۡأُنثَىٰۚ فَمَنۡ عُفِيَ لَهُۥ مِنۡ أَخِيهِ شَيۡءٞ فَٱتِّبَاعُۢ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِ وَأَدَآءٌ إِلَيۡهِ بِإِحۡسَٰنٖۗ ذَٰلِكَ تَخۡفِيفٞ مِّن رَّبِّكُمۡ وَرَحۡمَةٞۗ فَمَنِ ٱعۡتَدَىٰ بَعۡدَ ذَٰلِكَ فَلَهُۥ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٞ ١٧٨
O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution for those murdered - the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.1 But whoever overlooks from his brother [i.e., the killer] anything,2 then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him [i.e., the deceased's heir or legal representative] with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy. But whoever transgresses after that3 will have a painful punishment.
2:179
وَلَكُمۡ فِي ٱلۡقِصَاصِ حَيَوٰةٞ يَٰٓأُوْلِي ٱلۡأَلۡبَٰبِ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَتَّقُونَ ١٧٩
And there is for you in legal retribution [saving of] life, O you [people] of understanding, that you may become righteous.1
1 translator’s note
- Or, "that you may avoid [sin]." ↩
2:180
كُتِبَ عَلَيۡكُمۡ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ ٱلۡمَوۡتُ إِن تَرَكَ خَيۡرًا ٱلۡوَصِيَّةُ لِلۡوَٰلِدَيۡنِ وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبِينَ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِۖ حَقًّا عَلَى ٱلۡمُتَّقِينَ ١٨٠
Prescribed for you when death approaches [any] one of you if he leaves wealth [is that he should make] a bequest for the parents and near relatives according to what is acceptable - a duty upon the righteous.1
1 translator’s note
- This ruling was abrogated by the revelation in Sūrah an-Nisā’ stipulating obligatory shares for parents and close relatives. Those who do not inherit by law may be remembered in a bequest. See 4:11-12. ↩
2:181
فَمَنۢ بَدَّلَهُۥ بَعۡدَ مَا سَمِعَهُۥ فَإِنَّمَآ إِثۡمُهُۥ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُۥٓۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٞ ١٨١
Then whoever alters it [i.e., the bequest] after he has heard it - the sin is only upon those who have altered it. Indeed, Allāh is Hearing and Knowing.