An-Nisa 4:7
The Women · Juz 4 · Page 78
لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصِيبٞ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ ٱلۡوَٰلِدَانِ وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبُونَ وَلِلنِّسَآءِ نَصِيبٞ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ ٱلۡوَٰلِدَانِ وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبُونَ مِمَّا قَلَّ مِنۡهُ أَوۡ كَثُرَۚ نَصِيبٗا مَّفۡرُوضٗا ٧
For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much - an obligatory share.
Tafsir · in Arabic
Al-Biqa'i
Detailed
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Commentary on 4:7
ولَمّا ذَكَرَ أمْوالَ اليَتامى؛ عَلى حَسَبِ ما دَعَتْ إلَيْهِ الحاجَةُ؛ واقْتَضاهُ التَّناسُبُ؛ إلى أنَّ خَتَمَ بِهَذِهِ الآيَةِ؛ كانَ كَأنَّ سائِلًا سَألَ: مِن أيْنَ تَكُونُ أمْوالُهُمْ؟ فَبَيَّنَ ذَلِكَ بِطَرِيقِ الإجْمالِ؛ بِقَوْلِهِ (تَعالى): ﴿لِلرِّجالِ﴾؛ أيْ: الذُّكُورِ مِن أوْلادِ المَيِّتِ؛ وأقْرِبائِهِ؛ ولَعَلَّهُ عَبَّرَ بِذَلِكَ دُونَ الذُّكُورِ؛ لِأنَّهم كانُوا لا يُوَرِّثُونَ الصِّغارَ؛ ويَخُصُّونَ الإرْثَ بِما عَمَّرَ الدِّيارَ؛ فَنَبَّهَ (p-٢٠٠)- سُبْحانَهُ - عَلى أنَّ العِلَّةَ النُّطْفَةُ؛ ﴿نَصِيبٌ﴾؛ أيْ: مِنهُمْ؛ مَعْلُومٌ؛ ﴿مِمّا تَرَكَ الوالِدانِ والأقْرَبُونَ﴾؛ ولَمّا كانُوا لا يُوَرِّثُونَ النِّساءَ؛ قالَ: ﴿ولِلنِّساءِ نَصِيبٌ﴾؛ ولِقَصْدِ التَّصْرِيحِ؛ لِلتَّأْكِيدِ؛ قالَ - مَوْضِعَ ”مِمّا تَرَكُوا“ -: ﴿مِمّا تَرَكَ الوالِدانِ والأقْرَبُونَ﴾؛ مُشِيرًا إلى أنَّهُ لا فارِقَ بَيْنَهُنَّ؛ وبَيْنَ الرِّجالِ؛ في القُرْبِ الَّذِي هو سَبَبُ الإرْثِ؛ ثُمَّ زادَ الأمْرَ تَأْكِيدًا؛ وتَصْرِيحًا؛ بِقَوْلِهِ - إبْدالًا مِمّا قَبْلَهُ؛ بِتَكْرِيرِ العامِلِ -: ﴿مِمّا قَلَّ مِنهُ أوْ كَثُرَ﴾؛ ثُمَّ عَرَّفَ بِأنَّ ذَلِكَ عَلى وجْهِ الحَتْمِ الَّذِي لا بُدَّ مِنهُ؛ فَقالَ - مُبَيِّنًا لِلِاعْتِناءِ بِهِ بِقَطْعِهِ عَنِ الأوَّلِ؛ بِالنَّصْبِ عَلى الِاخْتِصاصِ؛ بِتَقْدِيرِ: ”أعْنِي“ -: ﴿نَصِيبًا مَفْرُوضًا﴾؛ أيْ: مُقَدَّرًا؛ واجِبًا؛ مُبَيَّنًا؛ وهَذِهِ الآيَةُ مُجْمَلَةٌ؛ بَيَّنَتْها آيَةُ المَوارِيثِ؛ وبِالآيَةِ عُلِمَ أنَّها خاصَّةٌ بِالعَصَباتِ؛ مِنَ التَّعْبِيرِ بِالفَرْضِ؛ لِأنَّ الإجْماعُ - كَما نَقَلَهُ الأصْبَهانِيُّ عَنِ الرّازِيِّ - عَلى أنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِذَوِي الأرْحامِ نَصِيبٌ مُقَدَّرٌ.
Page 78
4:7
لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصِيبٞ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ ٱلۡوَٰلِدَانِ وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبُونَ وَلِلنِّسَآءِ نَصِيبٞ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ ٱلۡوَٰلِدَانِ وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبُونَ مِمَّا قَلَّ مِنۡهُ أَوۡ كَثُرَۚ نَصِيبٗا مَّفۡرُوضٗا ٧
For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much - an obligatory share.
4:8
وَإِذَا حَضَرَ ٱلۡقِسۡمَةَ أُوْلُواْ ٱلۡقُرۡبَىٰ وَٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ وَٱلۡمَسَٰكِينُ فَٱرۡزُقُوهُم مِّنۡهُ وَقُولُواْ لَهُمۡ قَوۡلٗا مَّعۡرُوفٗا ٨
And when [other] relatives and orphans and the needy are present at the [time of] division, then provide for them [something] out of it [i.e., the estate] and speak to them words of appropriate kindness.
4:9
وَلۡيَخۡشَ ٱلَّذِينَ لَوۡ تَرَكُواْ مِنۡ خَلۡفِهِمۡ ذُرِّيَّةٗ ضِعَٰفًا خَافُواْ عَلَيۡهِمۡ فَلۡيَتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ وَلۡيَقُولُواْ قَوۡلٗا سَدِيدًا ٩
And let those [executors and guardians] fear [injustice] as if they [themselves] had left weak offspring behind and feared for them. So let them fear Allāh and speak words of appropriate justice.
4:10
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ يَأۡكُلُونَ أَمۡوَٰلَ ٱلۡيَتَٰمَىٰ ظُلۡمًا إِنَّمَا يَأۡكُلُونَ فِي بُطُونِهِمۡ نَارٗاۖ وَسَيَصۡلَوۡنَ سَعِيرٗا ١٠
Indeed, those who devour the property of orphans unjustly are only consuming into their bellies fire. And they will be burned in a Blaze [i.e., Hellfire].
4:11
يُوصِيكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فِيٓ أَوۡلَٰدِكُمۡۖ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ ٱلۡأُنثَيَيۡنِۚ فَإِن كُنَّ نِسَآءٗ فَوۡقَ ٱثۡنَتَيۡنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَۖ وَإِن كَانَتۡ وَٰحِدَةٗ فَلَهَا ٱلنِّصۡفُۚ وَلِأَبَوَيۡهِ لِكُلِّ وَٰحِدٖ مِّنۡهُمَا ٱلسُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَرَكَ إِن كَانَ لَهُۥ وَلَدٞۚ فَإِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهُۥ وَلَدٞ وَوَرِثَهُۥٓ أَبَوَاهُ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلثُّلُثُۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُۥٓ إِخۡوَةٞ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلسُّدُسُۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ يُوصِي بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٍۗ ءَابَآؤُكُمۡ وَأَبۡنَآؤُكُمۡ لَا تَدۡرُونَ أَيُّهُمۡ أَقۡرَبُ لَكُمۡ نَفۡعٗاۚ فَرِيضَةٗ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمٗا ١١
Allāh instructs you concerning your children [i.e., their portions of inheritance]: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females. But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two thirds of one's estate.1 And if there is only one, for her is half. And for one's parents, to each one of them is a sixth of his estate if he left children. But if he had no children and the parents [alone] inherit from him, then for his mother is one third. And if he had brothers [and/or sisters], for his mother is a sixth,2 after any bequest he [may have] made or debt.3 Your parents or your children - you know not which of them are nearest to you in benefit. [These shares are] an obligation [imposed] by Allāh. Indeed, Allāh is ever Knowing and Wise.
3 translator’s notes
Literally, "that which he left."
[165] Although the siblings themselves do not inherit in this case.
[166] Based upon prophetic ḥadīths, scholars have ruled that debt takes precedent over a bequest, that a bequest may not include any who inherit by law, and that the total bequest may not be more than one third of one's estate. After the fulfillment of debts and bequests (if any), the remainder of the estate is to be divided according to the ordinances in this sūrah.
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